{"id":468451,"date":"2026-10-05T18:58:20","date_gmt":"2026-10-05T18:58:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/6ac3d3adb4c800464237828d"},"modified":"2026-10-05T18:58:20","modified_gmt":"2026-10-05T18:58:20","slug":"que-es-la-optogenetica-la-tecnica-para-controlar-neuronas-con-luz-que-gano-el-nobel-de-medicina-2026","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sarmiento24h.com\/?p=468451","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la optogen\u00e9tica? La t\u00e9cnica para controlar neuronas con luz que gan\u00f3 el Nobel de Medicina 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"

El Instituto Karolinska otorg\u00f3 el Premio Nobel de Medicina 2026<\/strong> a los investigadores Karl Deisseroth<\/strong>, de la Universidad de Stanford; Peter Hegemann<\/strong>, de la Universidad Humboldt de Berl\u00edn, y Georg Nagel<\/strong>, de la Universidad de W\u00fcrzburg, cuyos descubrimientos condujeron al desarrollo de la optogen\u00e9tica, una t\u00e9cnica que permite activar o desactivar la actividad de c\u00e9lulas nerviosas individuales en un cerebro vivo mediante haces de luz.<\/p>\n

De acuerdo con Per Svenningsson, presidente del Comit\u00e9 Nobel de Medicina, este m\u00e9todo \u201cofrece oportunidades para mapear el cerebro<\/a> de una manera que antes solo pod\u00edamos so\u00f1ar\u201d, lo que facilita la comprensi\u00f3n de uno de los \u00f3rganos m\u00e1s complejos del organismo y abre nuevas v\u00edas para tratar diversas enfermedades y trastornos neurol\u00f3gicos.<\/p>\n

Especialistas afirman que este Nobel celebra el encuentro entre distintas disciplinas, debido a que los hallazgos que sirvieron como base para el desarrollo de la optogen\u00e9tica surgieron de investigaciones en microbiolog\u00eda<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\"mano<\/picture><\/span><\/div>\n
\n
\u00bfQuieres borrar recuerdos de tu cerebro? Ya hay gente trabajando en la soluci\u00f3n<\/a><\/div>\n

\u00bfNo quedamos en que esto no era buena idea? Pues hay laboratorios de investigaci\u00f3n que desarrollan estudios y tecnolog\u00edas que siempre cre\u00edmos imposibles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n

A finales del siglo pasado, Peter Hegemann inici\u00f3 una serie de estudios para comprender c\u00f3mo el alga unicelular Chlamydomonas<\/em> es capaz de detectar y reaccionar a la luz para desplazarse hacia ella a una velocidad 20 veces mayor que el ojo humano.<\/p>\n

Investigaciones previas hab\u00edan documentado que Chlamydomonas<\/em> detecta la luz mediante una \u201cmancha ocular\u201d, un peque\u00f1o punto naranja ubicado en su superficie que contiene retinal, una mol\u00e9cula captadora de luz.<\/p>\n

Hegemann utiliz\u00f3 min\u00fasculos electrodos para medir las se\u00f1ales el\u00e9ctricas generadas por el alga y ampliar el conocimiento sobre la r\u00e1pida respuesta de dicha estructura. El cient\u00edfico descubri\u00f3 que el organismo era capaz de producir un impulso el\u00e9ctrico cerca de 0.5 milisegundos despu\u00e9s de recibir luz.<\/strong> Esta capacidad de respuesta result\u00f3 ser m\u00e1s veloz que la del ojo humano, cuyo proceso de detecci\u00f3n lum\u00ednica tarda al menos 10 milisegundos.<\/p>\n

Todo comenz\u00f3 gracias a un alga<\/h2>\n

Hegemann sugiri\u00f3 que la detecci\u00f3n de luz en el alga deb\u00eda ser resultado de un proceso mucho m\u00e1s sencillo que el identificado en el ojo humano. A principios de los a\u00f1os noventa propuso que un \u00fanico grupo de prote\u00ednas era responsable de captar la luz y funcionar directamente como un canal i\u00f3nico. En aquel momento, esta hip\u00f3tesis gener\u00f3 controversia porque, aunque ya se conoc\u00edan diversos canales i\u00f3nicos, ninguno de los documentados hasta entonces pod\u00eda responder por s\u00ed mismo a la luz.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Para probar su planteamiento, el cient\u00edfico intent\u00f3 aislar las prote\u00ednas fotosensibles de la mancha ocular. Sin embargo, al extraerlas de su entorno natural, estos elementos proteicos se volv\u00edan inestables y se da\u00f1aban. M\u00e1s tarde, un grupo de investigadores japoneses secuenci\u00f3 el ADN completo de Chlamydomonas<\/em><\/a>, lo que permiti\u00f3 al equipo de Hegemann identificar dos genes con caracter\u00edsticas similares a las prote\u00ednas fotosensibles.<\/p>\n

El siguiente paso consist\u00eda en comprobar la funci\u00f3n de estos genes como canales i\u00f3nicos. Hegemann recurri\u00f3 a Georg Nagel, quien dise\u00f1\u00f3 un modelo experimental que consisti\u00f3 en introducir por separado copias de cada uno de los genes identificados en diferentes grupos de \u00f3vulos de rana.<\/p>\n

Los \u00f3vulos comenzaron a fabricar las prote\u00ednas correspondientes y estas terminaron localiz\u00e1ndose en la membrana de las c\u00e9lulas. Posteriormente, Nagel realiz\u00f3 un segundo experimento que consisti\u00f3 en iluminar las prote\u00ednas producidas para comprobar su funci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Fue entonces cuando Nagel descubri\u00f3 que ambos grupos de prote\u00ednas funcionaban como canales i\u00f3nicos que se abr\u00edan cuando recib\u00edan luz<\/strong> y los denomin\u00f3 canalrodopsina-1 y canalrodopsina-2. La segunda ser\u00eda particularmente importante para el desarrollo posterior de la optogen\u00e9tica.<\/p>\n

El mecanismo qued\u00f3 demostrado de manera directa. Al iluminar la canalrodopsina-2, el canal se abr\u00eda, permitiendo que iones con carga positiva atravesaran la membrana. Ese flujo produc\u00eda una se\u00f1al el\u00e9ctrica. Adem\u00e1s, el fen\u00f3meno ocurr\u00eda en apenas 0.2 milisegundos, confirmando que la extraordinaria velocidad observada originalmente en Chlamydomonas<\/em> pod\u00eda explicarse por la acci\u00f3n de un canal i\u00f3nico directamente activado por la luz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

El Instituto Karolinska otorg\u00f3 el Premio Nobel...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":468452,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-468451","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tecnologia"],"yoast_head":"\n\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la optogen\u00e9tica? 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